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Bone densitometers, also known as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, are devices that measure bone density and mineral content: 
How they work
DEXA scans use a low dose of X-rays to create images of the inside of the body, usually the spine and hips. The scan measures the thickness and strength of the bones by passing a high- and low-energy X-ray beam through the body. 
What they're used for
Bone densitometry scans are used to diagnose osteoporosis and other conditions that affect bone density, such as bone thinning. They can also help determine a person's risk of developing fractures. 
Why they're important
Bone densitometry scans can detect bone loss and decreased bone strength at an earlier stage than standard X-rays, when treatment can be more effective. 
Preparation
Before a bone densitometry scan, you should avoid taking calcium supplements for at least 24 hours. You should also wear comfortable clothing without metal in the waist and hip area.